![]() ![]() A 2020 review of the literature by Wu et al. Multiple forms of exercise exist and are all generally beneficial to an individual's health (endurance running, weightlifting, sports activity, etc.), but studies show that high intensity interval training (HIIT) is highly effective in increasing CRF and VO 2 max in people of all ages. A 2005 Cochrane review demonstrated that physical activity interventions are effective for increasing CRF, while other studies have determined that improved CRF is associated with lower risk of CVD and all-cause mortality. ![]() The medical community agrees that regular physical activity plays an important role in reducing risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, and a variety of other morbid conditions. Fitness refers to an individual's state of health.Ĭardiorespiratory fitness can be increased by means of regular physical activity and exercise. The prefix "cardio-" refers to the heart while "-respiratory" links the heart and respiratory system, which includes organs that contribute to gas exchange in plants and animals, especially the lungs (animals). In 2016, the American Heart Association published an official scientific statement advocating that CRF be categorized as a clinical vital sign and should be routinely assessed as part of clinical practice. This proposal ignited a multitude of studies demonstrating a relationship between VO 2 max and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. He coined the term VO 2 max, or maximal oxygen consumption, the numerical result of exercise testing that represents the maximum rate of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body mass per minute during exercise which now serves as the primary measure of CRF. ![]() ![]() This measure was found to be dependent upon functional capacities of an individual's cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The emergence of a method to quantify CRF began in the 1920s when Archibald Hill, a British physiologist, proposed a multifactorial relationship between the maximum rate of oxygen uptake by body tissues and intensity of physical activity. Regular physical activity and exercise can improve CRF, thus decreasing risk of CVD and other conditions while improving overall health. Some medical researchers claim that CRF is an even stronger predictor of mortality than smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or other common risk factors. Low levels of CRF have been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. As these body's functions are vital to an individual's health, CRF allows observers to quantify an individual's morbidity and mortality risk as a function of cardiorespiratory health. These functions include ventilation, perfusion, gas exchange, vasodilation, and delivery of oxygen to the body's tissues. Scientists and researchers use CRF to assess the functional capacity of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. These opportunities must be realized to optimize the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and hence meet the American Heart Association's 2020 goals.ĪHA Scientific Statements cardiovascular disease physical fitness risk factors.Cardiorespiratory fitness ( CRF) refers to the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to skeletal muscles during sustained physical activity. The underlying premise of this statement is that the addition of CRF for risk classification presents health professionals with unique opportunities to improve patient management and to encourage lifestyle-based strategies designed to reduce cardiovascular risk. Although the statement is not intended to be a comprehensive review, critical references that address important advances in the field are highlighted. The purpose of this statement is to review current knowledge related to the association between CRF and health outcomes, increase awareness of the added value of CRF to improve risk prediction, and suggest future directions in research. A growing body of epidemiological and clinical evidence demonstrates not only that CRF is a potentially stronger predictor of mortality than established risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but that the addition of CRF to traditional risk factors significantly improves the reclassification of risk for adverse outcomes. Mounting evidence has firmly established that low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and mortality rates attributable to various cancers. ![]()
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